Cepas de hongos endófitos para el control del “Pie Negro” ocasionado por Dactylonectria sp. y crecimiento vegetal de la vid a nivel de vivero
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Date
2025-03-26
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Universidad Nacional de Cañete
Abstract
El "pie negro" es una enfermedad que afecta severamente el desarrollo de la vid (Vitis sp.), causando importantes pérdidas económicas en la industria vitícola. Frente a esta problemática, los hongos endófitos emergen como una alternativa sostenible al uso de fungicidas químicos. Esta investigación evaluó el efecto de cepas de hongos endófitos (HE) en el control de Dactylonectria sp., agente causal del “pie negro,” y en la promoción del crecimiento de plantas de vid en vivero. Se llevaron a cabo cuatro experimentos bajo un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal de la Universidad Nacional de Cañete y en un vivero ubicado en Chincha. En los experimentos in vitro (1 y 2), se emplearon 41 tratamientos (cepas de HE) para analizar la inhibición del crecimiento micelial del patógeno y colonización de los HE sobre el patógeno mediante cultivos duales e inhibición de crecimiento en medios envenenados con metabolitos secundarios. A nivel de vivero (experimentos 3 y 4), se evaluaron 14 tratamientos (cepas de HE) para determinar el contenido relativo de agua (CRA) en las raíces de plantas inoculadas con el patógeno y hongos endófitos, así como parámetros morfológicos relacionados con la promoción del crecimiento vegetal (PGP). Entre los resultados destacados, Trichoderma asperelloides fue la cepa más eficaz en la inhibición del crecimiento del patógeno (79.99 %) y colonización (86.67 %). Además, los metabolitos secundarios de Cladosporium halotolerans y Aspergillus niger (HEAT-117 y
HEAT-111) lograron inhibiciones superiores al 94 %. En vivero, T. inhamatum y T. asperelloides mostraron los mayores valores de CRA, con 91.22 % y 88.76 %, respectivamente. En cuanto a PGP, A. niger (HEAT-117) promovió el mayor crecimiento de brotes (23.99 cm), diámetro de tallo (4.28 mm) y biomasa aérea (7.32 g fresca y 2.08 g seca). Por su parte, T. asperelloides destacó en crecimiento radicular (15.14 cm) y biomasa radicular fresca (10.16 g), mientras que T. asperellum (HERV-02) registró el mayor peso radicular seco (3.09 g). Estas cepas de hongos endófitos, en especial T. asperelloides, T. inhamatum, C. halotolerans y A. niger, demostraron su potencial para el manejo integrado de cultivos. Ofrecen soluciones sostenibles para el control del “pie negro” y la promoción del crecimiento de la vid en viveros, reduciendo la necesidad de fungicidas químicos y mejorando el rendimiento de las plantas
Blackleg is a disease that severely affects the development of grapevine (Vitis sp.), causing important economic losses in the wine industry. In response to this problem, endophytic fungi emerge as a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides. This research evaluated the effect of endophytic fungi (HE) strains in the control of Dactylonectriasp., the causal agent of “blackleg”, and in the growth promotion of grapevine plants in nurseries. Four experiments were carried out under a completely randomized design (CRD) in the Plant Health Laboratory of the National University of Cañete and in a nursery located in Chincha In the in vitro experiments (1 and 2), 41 treatments (HE strains) were used to analyzemycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen and colonization of HE on the pathogen by dual cultures and growth inhibition in media poisoned with secondary metabolites. At the nurserylevel (experiments 3 and 4), 14 treatments (HE strains) were evaluated to determine the relative water content (RWC) in the roots of plants inoculated with the pathogen and endophytic fungi, as well as morphological parameters related to plant growth promotion (PGP). Among the outstanding results, Trichoderma asperelloides was the most effective strain in inhibiting pathogen growth (79.99 %) and colonization (86.67 %). In addition, secondary metabolites ofCladosporium halotolerans and Aspergillus niger (HEAT-117 and HEAT-111) achievedinhibitions higher than 94 %. In nursery, T. inhamatum and T. asperelloides showed the highestCRA values, with 91.22 % and 88.76 %, respectively. As for PGP, A. niger (HEAT-117)promoted the highest shoot growth (23.99 cm), stem diameter (4.28 mm) and aerial biomass (7.32 g fresh and 2.08 g dry). On the other hand, T. asperelloides stood out in root growth(15.14 cm) and fresh root biomass (10.16 g), while T. asperellum (HERV-02) recorded the highest dry root weight (3.09 g). These endophytic fungal strains, especially T. asperelloides, T. inhamatum, C. halotolerans and A. niger, demonstrated their potential for integrated crop management. Theyoffer sustainable solutions for blackleg control and vine growth promotion in nurseries, reducing the need for chemical fungicides and improving plant performance.
Blackleg is a disease that severely affects the development of grapevine (Vitis sp.), causing important economic losses in the wine industry. In response to this problem, endophytic fungi emerge as a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fungicides. This research evaluated the effect of endophytic fungi (HE) strains in the control of Dactylonectriasp., the causal agent of “blackleg”, and in the growth promotion of grapevine plants in nurseries. Four experiments were carried out under a completely randomized design (CRD) in the Plant Health Laboratory of the National University of Cañete and in a nursery located in Chincha In the in vitro experiments (1 and 2), 41 treatments (HE strains) were used to analyzemycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen and colonization of HE on the pathogen by dual cultures and growth inhibition in media poisoned with secondary metabolites. At the nurserylevel (experiments 3 and 4), 14 treatments (HE strains) were evaluated to determine the relative water content (RWC) in the roots of plants inoculated with the pathogen and endophytic fungi, as well as morphological parameters related to plant growth promotion (PGP). Among the outstanding results, Trichoderma asperelloides was the most effective strain in inhibiting pathogen growth (79.99 %) and colonization (86.67 %). In addition, secondary metabolites ofCladosporium halotolerans and Aspergillus niger (HEAT-117 and HEAT-111) achievedinhibitions higher than 94 %. In nursery, T. inhamatum and T. asperelloides showed the highestCRA values, with 91.22 % and 88.76 %, respectively. As for PGP, A. niger (HEAT-117)promoted the highest shoot growth (23.99 cm), stem diameter (4.28 mm) and aerial biomass (7.32 g fresh and 2.08 g dry). On the other hand, T. asperelloides stood out in root growth(15.14 cm) and fresh root biomass (10.16 g), while T. asperellum (HERV-02) recorded the highest dry root weight (3.09 g). These endophytic fungal strains, especially T. asperelloides, T. inhamatum, C. halotolerans and A. niger, demonstrated their potential for integrated crop management. Theyoffer sustainable solutions for blackleg control and vine growth promotion in nurseries, reducing the need for chemical fungicides and improving plant performance.
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Keywords
Hongos endófitos, pie negro de la vid, promoción de crecimiento vegetal, contenido relativo de agua, control biológico, metabolitos secundarios.
Citation
Rosas Martínez, Jefferson Michael , "epas de hongos endófitos para el control del “Pie Negro” ocasionado por Dactylonectria sp. y crecimiento vegetal de la vid a nivel de vivero”, , Tesis para optar el grado de Ingeniero Agronomo, Escuela de pregrado. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional de Cañete. Cañete - Perú